過去完成時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)
過去完成時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)間前就已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作,對過去的某一點(diǎn)造成的某種影響或是結(jié)果,用來指在另一個(gè)過去行動之前就已經(jīng)完成了的事件。
過去完成時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)
過去完成時(shí)表示過去完成的一個(gè)動作,它的結(jié)構(gòu)是兩個(gè)單詞,had done。比如我在過去已經(jīng)做完作業(yè),I had done my homework。這里就表示的是過去,而且是在過去的時(shí)間就已經(jīng)完成。
我們首先看一下過去完成時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu),它的結(jié)構(gòu)是兩個(gè)單詞,had done。這個(gè)時(shí)候我們一定要記得,千萬別把這個(gè)單詞讀成had done,不是這樣的。它有一個(gè)連讀的部分。Had done。Had done。如果我們讀成had done,反而會給別人覺得很奇怪的感覺。Had done就可以了。過去完成時(shí)表示過去完成的一個(gè)動作。
我們可以比較一下,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)叫have done,指的是在現(xiàn)在這個(gè)時(shí)間我已經(jīng)做完。
舉個(gè)簡單的例子,I have done my homework。我現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)做完作業(yè)了,I have done my homework。
但如果我要是說我在過去已經(jīng)做完了,比如說我昨天就做完作業(yè)了,I had done my homework,I had done my homework。這里就表示的是過去,而且是在過去的時(shí)間就已經(jīng)完成,過去完成時(shí)一定要抓住的點(diǎn)是發(fā)音上的had done。
過去完成時(shí)的用法
①過去完成時(shí)表示在過去的某個(gè)動作或時(shí)間之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作或已經(jīng)存在的狀態(tài),也稱為“過去的過去”。常用的時(shí)間狀語有:when,before,than,until引導(dǎo)的含有過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語從句,by(到…為止)引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(例如,by the end of last year到去年末為止)
By the end of last year, we had planted 2000 trees.到去年年末為止,我們已種了2000棵樹。
He had known the incident before I told him about it.在我告訴他這件事之前,他已經(jīng)知道了。
When the enemy arrived at the village, our troops had already left.敵人到達(dá)村莊時(shí),我們的部隊(duì)已經(jīng)離開了。
②過去完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)動作或狀態(tài)在過去某一時(shí)間之前開始,一直持續(xù)到過去這一時(shí)間,并有可能持續(xù)下去。常用的時(shí)間狀語有:for+段時(shí)間,since+點(diǎn)時(shí)間或從句,after引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。
We were happy to see him because he had been away from us for two years.我們很高興見到他,因?yàn)樗呀?jīng)離開我們兩年了。
It was dinner time and he was tired because he had worked since dawn.現(xiàn)在是吃晚飯的時(shí)間,他很累,因?yàn)樗麖奶炝辆烷_始工作。
③過去完成時(shí)表示原有的打算,意圖,希望等,但沒有實(shí)現(xiàn),常用的動詞有:think,want,hope,intend,mean,suppose,expect,plan等。
I had expected to visit the Great Wall last summer, but I didn’t have enough time. 去年夏天我本來想去參觀長城,但是我沒有足夠的時(shí)間。
I had hoped to see him, but he left ahead of time.我本來希望見到他,但他提前走了。
④過去完成時(shí)用于虛擬語氣中,表示與過去事實(shí)相反的情況,常用于:if引導(dǎo)的條件句中,wish引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中,as if引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中。
If you had come here yesterday, you would have seen the movie star.如果你昨天來這里,你就會看到那個(gè)電影明星了。
I wish I had passed the exam last term.我真希望我上學(xué)期通過了考試。
He spoke as if he had been to England.他說起話來好像去過英國似的。
⑤過去完成時(shí)用于固定句型中:hardly/scarcely/barely…when…; no sooner… than…剛…就,其中主句時(shí)態(tài)常用過去完成時(shí)。
He had hardly arrived home when it began to rain.他剛到家就開始下雨了。
He had no sooner left home than the telephone rang.他剛離開家,電話鈴就響了。
當(dāng)hardly/scarcely/barely/no sooner位于句首時(shí),主句部分倒裝。
Hardly had he arrived home when it began to rain.
No sooner had he left home than the telephone rang.
過去完成時(shí)的主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)怎么變
1、過去完成時(shí)主動語態(tài)
I had given him three books.
S主語+had+V過去分詞+其他成分
2、轉(zhuǎn)換成被動語態(tài)
Three books had been given to him by me.
賓語提前做主語+had+been+V過去分詞。
3、過去完成時(shí)的被動語態(tài)有以下三種形式:
(1)肯定結(jié)構(gòu):主語+ had been done +其他成分
(2)否定結(jié)構(gòu):主語+ had not been done +其他成分
(3)疑問句結(jié)構(gòu):had +主語+ been done +其他成分
為什么有些過去完成時(shí)加been
英語中的過去完成時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)是had done。如果加了been,則變成了had been done,這是過去完成時(shí)的被動。過去完成時(shí)的被動表示過去的過去,某個(gè)動作被完成。例如:The books had been sold out when we came.我們來到的時(shí)候,書已經(jīng)被賣完了。
(注:came是過去,在came這個(gè)過去的動作之前,“賣”這個(gè)動作已經(jīng)完成,所以用過去完成時(shí)had sold out,又因書是被賣出,不是它們自己賣自己,所以用被動就成了had been sold out)